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6-layer thick-copper automotive PCB

6-layer thick-copper automotive PCB

This is a six-layer automotive PCB. Automotive PCBs meet automotive‑grade reliability standards and are used in various electronic modules throughout the vehicle, falling into two main categories: conventional internal‑combustion‑engine vehicles and new‑energy vehicles. The four‑panel, irregular‑shaped, thick‑copper hybrid board shown earlier is a typical example of a power‑electronics automotive PCB. Its key characteristics include withstanding a wide temperature range of –40°C to +125°C, as well as vibration, shock, and exposure to humidity and salt spray. With a service life of 10–15 years for the entire vehicle, safety‑critical boards must comply with IPC‑6012 Class 3 (Level 3) standards, while non‑safety‑related infotainment modules may use Class 2 (Level 2) standards.

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Soft–hard combination on any layer of 8 layers

Soft–hard combination on any layer of 8 layers

This 8-layer hybrid design features an integrated rigid‑PCB and flexible‑FPC laminate; components are surface‑mounted on the rigid sections, while the flexible sections allow bending and three‑dimensional routing, eliminating the need for numerous connectors and ribbon cables and enhancing reliability—though the manufacturing process is more complex.

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6-layer 1-connector flexible-rigid board

6-layer 1-connector flexible-rigid board

This 6-layer, 1‑level HDI design combines rigid PCB and flexible FPC into a single laminated structure. Components are mounted on the rigid sections, while the flexible sections can be bent and routed in three dimensions, eliminating the need for numerous connectors and ribbon cables and enhancing reliability—though the manufacturing process is more complex.

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8-layer transformer winding board

8-layer transformer winding board

This is an 8-layer transformer coil board. Conventional transformers use copper wire wound around a magnetic core; in contrast, this coil‑transformer board directly implements the primary and secondary windings by etching spiral traces in the inner layers of the PCB, eliminating the need to wind copper wire. Paired with a flat ferrite core, it forms a planar transformer. The products are available in two versions: bare PCB coil boards and coil‑transformer PCBA assemblies.

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BGA Soldering Process and Reliability Analysis

BGA Soldering Process and Reliability Analysis

Preface: As electronic products evolve toward miniaturization, portability, networking, and higher performance, increasingly stringent demands are placed on circuit‑assembly technologies and the number of I/O pins. Chip sizes continue to shrink, while the number of pins grows, posing significant challenges for manufacturing and rework. Traditionally, quad flat packages (QFP) were widely used in surface‑mount technology (SMT); however, the minimum pitch for such packages has been limited to 0.3 mm. At this pitch, leads are prone to bending, deformation, or breakage, which complicates SMT assembly processes...

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South Korea’s shipbuilding industry is firing up its “boiler” to dry out the “dampness.”

South Korea’s shipbuilding industry is firing up its “boiler” to dry out the “dampness.”

As Ko Jae-ho previously stated at the Korea Shipbuilding Association’s New Year gathering, global calls for the “greening” of ships are growing stronger, and international maritime organizations (IMO) are formulating and issuing regulations and standards aimed at reducing ship emissions, enhancing environmental protection, and improving navigational safety. These developments will drive a steadily increasing market demand for environmentally friendly, high‑efficiency vessels. Green ships are becoming the darlings of both the shipbuilding and shipping industries, and shipbuilders that proactively and actively adapt to this shift in the market…

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Summary of PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Knowledge

Summary of PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Knowledge

Introduction: A PCB, or printed circuit board, is also referred to as a printed wiring board. It is commonly abbreviated as PCB (printed circuit board) or PWB (printed wiring board). Made from an insulating substrate cut to specific dimensions, it features at least one conductive pattern and includes various types of holes—such as component holes, mounting holes, and plated-through holes—serving as a replacement for traditional assembly methods...

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An Interview with Meng Xiangkai, a Deputy to the National People’s Congress and Chairman of AVIC General Aircraft Co., Ltd.

An Interview with Meng Xiangkai, a Deputy to the National People’s Congress and Chairman of AVIC General Aircraft Co., Ltd.

In Meng Xiangkai’s view, 2012 was a pivotal year for the development of China’s general aviation industry. Following the issuance of relevant guiding policies by the state, significant efforts were made to open up low-altitude airspace. However, from a macro perspective, China’s aviation transport sector exhibits a pronounced “inverted triangle” pattern: while the domestic air transport industry is vast—indeed, comparable in scale to that of many global powerhouses—the general aviation sector remains remarkably underdeveloped, unable to adequately support national economic growth. A shortage of pilots is a key constraint...

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U.S. light-vehicle sales in March reached their highest monthly level since 2007.

U.S. light-vehicle sales in March reached their highest monthly level since 2007.

In March 2013, U.S. light-vehicle sales totaled 1.45 million units, up roughly 3% year over year; first-quarter sales reached 3.69 million, a 6% increase compared with the same period in 2012. According to data from Autodata, U.S. light-vehicle sales in March amounted to 1,453,038 units, up 3.4% from 1,404,699 in March 2012—marking the highest monthly sales figure since August 2007, when they peaked at 1.48 million. In the first quarter...

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Many people still don’t fully understand the differences between HDI boards and conventional PCBs.

Many people still don’t fully understand the differences between HDI boards and conventional PCBs.

HDI boards, or high-density interconnect boards, are manufactured using a multilayer build-up process. The number of layers in the stack-up is directly proportional to the board’s technological grade—more layers correspond to higher performance. HDI boards are typically categorized into standard HDI (single‑layer build-up) and advanced HDI (two or more layers), and they incorporate cutting-edge PCB technologies such as stacked vias, electroplated via filling, and laser direct drilling. Conventional HDI designs often employ copper foil with a non‑glass‑fiber carrier; the reason for this choice is...

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